TCP/IP Tutorial

TCP/IP Tutorial
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TCP/IP is the communication protocol for the Internet.

In this tutorial you will learn what TCP/IP is, and how it works.

TCP/IP is the Internet Communication Protocol

A communication protocol is a description of the rules computers must follow to communicate with each other. The Internet communication protocol defines the rules for computer communication over the Internet.
Your Browser and Your Server Use TCP/IP

Internet browsers and Internet servers use TCP/IP to connect to the Internet. Your browser uses TCP/IP to access Internet servers, and servers use TCP/IP to send HTML back to your browser.
Your E-Mail Uses TCP/IP

Your e-mail program uses TCP/IP to connect to the Internet for sending and receiving e-mails.
Your Internet Address is TCP/IP

Your Internet address "59.92.189.13" is a part of the standard TCP/IP protocol. (And so is your domain name "www.someonesplace.com")

HTML Color Names

HTML Colors

The table below provides a list of the color names that are supported by all major browsers.

Note: If you want your pages to validate with an HTML or a CSS validator, W3C has listed 16 color names that you can use: aqua, black, blue, fuchsia, gray, green, lime, maroon, navy, olive, purple, red, silver, teal, white, and yellow. If you want to use other colors, you must specify their RGB or HEX value.

Click on a color name (or a hex value) to view the color as the background-color along with different text colors:
Color Name Color HEX Color
AliceBlue #F0F8FF
AntiqueWhite #FAEBD7
Aqua #00FFFF
Aquamarine #7FFFD4
Azure #F0FFFF
Beige #F5F5DC
Bisque #FFE4C4
Black #000000
BlanchedAlmond #FFEBCD
Blue #0000FF
BlueViolet #8A2BE2
Brown #A52A2A
BurlyWood #DEB887
CadetBlue #5F9EA0
Chartreuse #7FFF00
Chocolate #D2691E
Coral #FF7F50
CornflowerBlue #6495ED
Cornsilk #FFF8DC
Crimson #DC143C
Cyan #00FFFF
DarkBlue #00008B
DarkCyan #008B8B
DarkGoldenRod #B8860B
DarkGray #A9A9A9
DarkGrey #A9A9A9
DarkGreen #006400
DarkKhaki #BDB76B
DarkMagenta #8B008B
DarkOliveGreen #556B2F
Darkorange #FF8C00
DarkOrchid #9932CC
DarkRed #8B0000
DarkSalmon #E9967A
DarkSeaGreen #8FBC8F
DarkSlateBlue #483D8B
DarkSlateGray #2F4F4F
DarkSlateGrey #2F4F4F
DarkTurquoise #00CED1
DarkViolet #9400D3
DeepPink #FF1493
DeepSkyBlue #00BFFF
DimGray #696969
DimGrey #696969
DodgerBlue #1E90FF
FireBrick #B22222
FloralWhite #FFFAF0
ForestGreen #228B22
Fuchsia #FF00FF
Gainsboro #DCDCDC
GhostWhite #F8F8FF
Gold #FFD700
GoldenRod #DAA520
Gray #808080
Grey #808080
Green #008000
GreenYellow #ADFF2F
HoneyDew #F0FFF0
HotPink #FF69B4
IndianRed #CD5C5C
Indigo #4B0082
Ivory #FFFFF0
Khaki #F0E68C
Lavender #E6E6FA
LavenderBlush #FFF0F5
LawnGreen #7CFC00
LemonChiffon #FFFACD
LightBlue #ADD8E6
LightCoral #F08080
LightCyan #E0FFFF
LightGoldenRodYellow #FAFAD2
LightGray #D3D3D3
LightGrey #D3D3D3
LightGreen #90EE90
LightPink #FFB6C1
LightSalmon #FFA07A
LightSeaGreen #20B2AA
LightSkyBlue #87CEFA
LightSlateGray #778899
LightSlateGrey #778899
LightSteelBlue #B0C4DE
LightYellow #FFFFE0
Lime #00FF00
LimeGreen #32CD32
Linen #FAF0E6
Magenta #FF00FF
Maroon #800000
MediumAquaMarine #66CDAA
MediumBlue #0000CD
MediumOrchid #BA55D3
MediumPurple #9370D8
MediumSeaGreen #3CB371
MediumSlateBlue #7B68EE
MediumSpringGreen #00FA9A
MediumTurquoise #48D1CC
MediumVioletRed #C71585
MidnightBlue #191970
MintCream #F5FFFA
MistyRose #FFE4E1
Moccasin #FFE4B5
NavajoWhite #FFDEAD
Navy #000080
OldLace #FDF5E6
Olive #808000
OliveDrab #6B8E23
Orange #FFA500
OrangeRed #FF4500
Orchid #DA70D6
PaleGoldenRod #EEE8AA
PaleGreen #98FB98
PaleTurquoise #AFEEEE
PaleVioletRed #D87093
PapayaWhip #FFEFD5
PeachPuff #FFDAB9
Peru #CD853F
Pink #FFC0CB
Plum #DDA0DD
PowderBlue #B0E0E6
Purple #800080
Red #FF0000
RosyBrown #BC8F8F
RoyalBlue #4169E1
SaddleBrown #8B4513
Salmon #FA8072
SandyBrown #F4A460
SeaGreen #2E8B57
SeaShell #FFF5EE
Sienna #A0522D
Silver #C0C0C0
SkyBlue #87CEEB
SlateBlue #6A5ACD
SlateGray #708090
SlateGrey #708090
Snow #FFFAFA
SpringGreen #00FF7F
SteelBlue #4682B4
Tan #D2B48C
Teal #008080
Thistle #D8BFD8
Tomato #FF6347
Turquoise #40E0D0
Violet #EE82EE
Wheat #F5DEB3
White #FFFFFF
WhiteSmoke #F5F5F5
Yellow #FFFF00
YellowGreen #9ACD32

Browser Statistics

What is the trend in browser usage?
Web Statistics and Trends

Statistics are important information. From the statistics below, you can see that Internet Explorer is the most common browser. However, FireFox has become quite popular as well.
Browser Statistics Month by Month
2008 IE7 IE6 IE5 Fx Moz S O
February 22.0% 30.7% 1.7% 36.5% 1.1% 2.0% 1.4%
January 21.2% 32.0% 1.5% 36.4% 1.3% 1.9% 1.4%

2007 IE7 IE6 IE5 Fx Moz S O
December 21.0% 33.2% 1.7% 36.3% 1.4% 1.7% 1.4%
November 20.8% 33.6% 1.6% 36.3% 1.2% 1.8% 1.6%
October 20.7% 34.5% 1.5% 36.0% 1.3% 1.7% 1.6%
September 20.8% 34.9% 1.5% 35.4% 1.2% 1.6% 1.5%
August 20.5% 35.7% 1.5% 34.9% 1.3% 1.5% 1.7%
July 20.1% 36.9% 1.5% 34.5% 1.4% 1.5% 1.9%
June 19.7% 37.3% 1.5% 34.0% 1.4% 1.5% 1.8%
May 19.2% 38.1% 1.6% 33.7% 1.3% 1.5% 1.7%
April 19.1% 38.4% 1.7% 32.9% 1.3% 1.5% 1.6%
March 18.0% 38.7% 2.0% 31.8% 1.3% 1.6% 1.6%
February 16.4% 39.8% 2.5% 31.2% 1.4% 1.7% 1.5%
January 13.3% 42.3% 3.0% 31.0% 1.5% 1.7% 1.5%

2006 IE7 IE6 IE5 Fx Moz N7/8 O
November 7.1% 49.9% 3.6% 29.9% 2.5% 0.2% 1.5%
September 2.5% 55.6% 4.0% 27.3% 2.3% 0.4% 1.6%
July 1.9% 56.3% 4.2% 25.5% 2.3% 0.4% 1.4%
May 1.1% 57.4% 4.5% 25.7% 2.3% 0.3% 1.5%
March 0.6% 58.8% 5.3% 24.5% 2.4% 0.5% 1.5%
January 0.2% 60.3% 5.5% 25.0% 3.1% 0.5% 1.6%

2005 IE6 IE5 Fx Moz N7 O8 O7
November 62.7% 6.2% 23.6% 2.8% 0.4% 1.3% 0.2%
September 69.8% 5.7% 18.0% 2.5% 0.4% 1.0% 0.2%
July 67.9% 5.9% 19.8% 2.6% 0.5% 0.8% 0.4%
May 64.8% 6.8% 21.0% 3.1% 0.7% 0.7% 0.6%
March 63.6% 8.9% 18.9% 3.3% 1.0% 0.3% 1.6%
January 64.8% 9.7% 16.6% 3.4% 1.1% 1.9%

2004 IE6 IE5 Moz N3 N7 N4 O7
November 66.0% 10.2% 16.5% 0.2% 1.2% 0.3% 1.6%
September 67.8% 11.2% 13.7% 0.3% 1.4% 0.3% 1.7%
July 67.2% 13.2% 12.6% 0.4% 1.4% 0.4% 1.6%
May 68.1% 13.8% 9.5% 0.6% 1.4% 0.4% 1.6%
March 68.2% 14.6% 7.9% 0.8% 1.4% 0.6% 1.4%
January 68.9% 15.8% 5.5% 0.4% 1.5% 0.5% 1.5%

2003 IE6 IE5 Moz N3 N7 N4 O7
November 71.2% 13.7% 7.2% 0.5% 1.6% 0.5% 1.9%
September 69.7% 16.9% 6.2% 0.6% 1.5% 0.6% 1.8%
July 66.9% 20.3% 5.7% 0.6% 1.5% 0.6% 1.7%
May 65.0% 22.7% 4.6% 1.0% 1.4% 0.9% 1.4%
March 63.4% 24.6% 4.2% 0.9% 1.4% 1.1% 1.2%
January 55.3% 29.3% 4.0% 1.2% 1.1% 1.7%

2002 IE6 IE5 AOL N3 N5 N4 IE4
November 53.5% 29.9% 5.2% 1.1% 4.9% 2.0%
September 49.1% 34.4% 4.5% 1.3% 4.5% 2.2%
July 44.4% 40.1% 3.5% 1.2% 3.5% 2.6% 0.5%
May 40.7% 46.0% 2.8% 1.2% 2.7% 3.4% 0.7%
March 36.7% 49.4% 3.0% 1.2% 2.4% 4.1% 0.7%
January 30.1% 55.7% 2.8% 1.3% 2.2% 4.4% 1.0%


IE Internet Explorer
Fx Firefox (identified as Mozilla before 2005)
Moz The Mozilla Suite (Gecko, Netscape)
S Safari (and Konqueror. Both identified as Mozilla before 2007)
O Opera
N Netscape (identified as Mozilla after 2006)
AOL America Online (based on both Internet Explorer and Mozilla)

Browsers that count for less than 0.5% are not listed.

W3Schools is a website for people with an interest for web technologies. These people are more interested in using alternative browsers than the average user. The average user tends to use Internet Explorer, since it comes preinstalled with Windows. Most do not seek out other browsers.

These facts indicate that the browser figures above are not 100% realistic. Other web sites have statistics showing that Internet Explorer is used by at least 80% of the users.

Anyway, our data, collected from W3Schools' log-files, over a five year period, clearly shows the long and medium-term trends.
JavaScript Statistics

There are no absolute trends about the use of JavaScript. Some users have scripting turned off. Some browsers don't support scripting:
2007 JavaScript On JavaScript Off
January 94% 6%

2006
July 92% 8%
January 90% 10%

2005
July 90% 10%
January 89% 11%

2004
July 90% 10%
January 92% 8%

2003
July 89% 11%
January 89% 11%

2002
October 88% 12%

Other Statistics

Operating system statistics

Browser display statistics
Statistics Are Often Misleading

You cannot - as a web developer - rely only on statistics. Statistics can often be misleading.

Global averages may not always be relevant to your web site. Different sites attract different audiences. Some web sites attract professional developers using professional hardware, while other sites attract hobbyists using old low spec computers.

Also be aware that many statistics may have an incomplete or faulty browser detection. It is quite common by many web-stats report programs, not to detect the newest browsers.

(The statistics above are extracted from W3Schools' log-files, but we are also monitoring other sources around the Internet to assure the quality of these figures).
Quotes

"The pure and simple truth is rarely pure and never simple."
Oscar Wilde

"First get your facts; then you can distort them at your leisure."
Mark Twain

Web Hosting Tutorial

Table of Contents

Introduction to Web Hosting
This chapter explains how the WWW works, how you can publish your own web site, and what an Internet service provider can offer.

Web Hosting Providers
This chapter explains the difference between hosting your web site on your own server and hosting it with an Internet service provider.

Web Hosting Domains
This chapter explains how to register your own domain name, and how to use it as your web address.

Web Hosting Capacities
This chapter explains about disk space and traffic capacities.

Web Hosting Email
This chapter explains the most common e-mail services an Internet service provider offer.

Web Hosting Technologies
This chapter explains some of the most common hosting technologies.

Web Hosting Databases
This chapter explains some of the most common web database technologies.

Web Hosting Types
This chapter explains the different types of web hosting.

Web Hosting E-commerce
This chapter describes e-commerce web hosting.

Web Hosting Resources
This chapter lists some valuable hosting resources.

MIcrosoft .net

Microsoft .NET
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Microsoft .NET Tutorial
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After you have studied these chapters, you will know what .NET is.

You will also know that .NET will affect the way you will create Web applications in the future.

Start learning .NET!

Table of contents

Introduction to Microsoft .NET
This introduction describes what .NET is and what it holds for the future.

Microsoft .NET Core Building Blocks
This chapter describes the core building blocks of Microsoft .NET.

Microsoft .NET Software
This chapter describes .NET development tools, software, standards and applications

Web Services
This chapter describes the concept of Web Services.

Client and Server Standards
W3Schools' own vision about .NET Client and Server Standards

Applications must be Services
W3Schools' own vision about .NET Application Services

Future Proof Applications
W3Schools' own vision about .NET and Future Proof Internet Applications